從物力到物律，技術設計與人類行為 The use of things to being ruled by things. Designs of artifacts and human behavior.
10/13 講者:洪靖 荷蘭湍特大學技術哲學博士
Jin Hong Doctor of Philosophy of Technology of University Twente
如何善用物的道德力?
讓人類能夠自然而然做出設計者希望我們做的事情，需要善用「膜內(資料型)」或是「膜外(物料型)」 路徑，並且用助推的手法，達到目的。
資料型與所謂「勸服型科技」比較有相關聯，歐洲國家會在冷氣上裝上冰山融化或是錢的失去數量，來提醒使用者節能減碳；而「膜外型」有的則將設計瞄準使用者身體的感受，如英國議會擁擠的座椅及面對面質詢的座位安排，大大促進議員在討論法案時的參與度，發揮民主價值。還有很多像是「線的運用」，日本人利用在地上畫線，讓國民有排隊的秩序；「選擇架構」，歐洲小便斗為了讓男士們不要將尿液灑到外面利用男生普遍的心理，在小便斗上畫一個小蒼蠅，讓男生不知不覺會瞄準它，降低造成髒亂的機會；以及利用質量重量，法國旅館鑰匙圈做得特別大、特別重，讓房客一定會注意到，並且在出門時歸還給櫃檯。
這些技術物希望達成「以物而律」的成果，將社會上的某些問題改善。但這些又牽涉到在他律與法律之間搖擺的立場，技術物會不會造成在「政治性」、「權力」以及「道德性」之間的衝突，這一直都還是社會學家還在探討的問題。
Make use of things’ moral force
There are two routines which can make people do some particular behaviors. One of the two is the intra-somatic route, also called informational route. We offer the information as the persuasive means like imagining the polar bear on the air conditioner or the money we cost in electricity to remind people save the energy. While the extra-somatic route, called material route, uses the design that directly make users’ bodies uncomfortable like the chairs in the UK parliament, which make parliamentary can examine the laws with high participation more democratic. Japan uses the lines to force people gradually queue on lines; Finland draw a fly on the urinal to keep males stain the toilets. The way they use is the choice architecture which affect people’s behavior invisibly. Moreover, the hotel keys in France are made so heavy or large in order to remind guests to return the keys when going out.
Those artifacts help we solve the social problems to get the goal of being ruled by things. However, there is still a question not be solved by sociologists of the conflicts of artifacts among politics, morality and power.
